中国粮食生产激励机制及调整对策研究

本文从分析家庭联产承包责任制的激励机制入手,认为家庭联产承包责任制下我国粮食生产的激励机制包括两个层次:一是压力督促型;二是政策奖励型。而在农村经济获得一定发展并全面引入市场经济机制和随着我国成功入世之后,这两个层次的激励机制基本失灵或存在严重的失灵危机,因此政府必须尽快构建适应市场经济体制的激励机制,以保证我国粮食生产水平的稳定和提高。     

The Global Market for Agricultural Machinery and Equipment

Growth in the current-dollar sales of agricultural machinery and equipment was almost six percent per annum during 2000-2005.1 This was much faster than the 2.6 percent growth for agricultural output and the 1.2 percent rate for population in the same period. JEL Classification L64     

拉丁美洲农业利用外国直接投资的实践及启示

拉美农业利用外国直接投资(FDI)的实践表明,外国直接投资在促进拉美农业发展的同时,也给拉美农业带来了诸如被跨国公司支配、转移不适宜技术、造成单一的农业生产结构、环境破坏和劳动力失业等一系列社会经济问题.文章针对拉美农业利用外国直接投资的教训,提出我国农业利用外国直接投资必须遵循的原则.     

我国农产品进出口形势分析及对策研究

随着经济全球化和贸易一体化进程的不断深入,我国各种农产品的出口出现大幅增长的势头,但随着各种进口关税的降低及配额制和许可证的逐渐取消,我国农产品的进口也出现了显著增长。同时,发达国家利用其先进的技术,以食品健康和安全为由制定各种技术性壁垒和绿色壁垒,给我国农产品的出口造成了种种障碍。因此,认清我国农产品的进出口形势,积极采取各种应对措施,有利于我国农产品赢得更大的出口贸易。     

两型农业建设中相关利益主体间的博弈分析

资源节约型、环境友好型农业(简称两型农业)建设离不开政府(中央政府和地方政府)、涉农企业和农户。这个过程中也会产生委托—代理问题。基于利益相关者理论,深入分析中央与地方政府之间、地方政府之间、地方政府与涉农企业(农民)之间、涉农企业与农民之间、涉农企业(农民)之间的博弈行为。发展两型农业是利益主体之间动态博弈的结果,但是需要对地方政府、涉农企业和农户实施"引导"。这种"引导",可以使地方政府、涉农企业和农户有充分的信心选择两型生产。需要依靠加大投入力度、促进科技进步、建立科学的政绩评价体系和公众参与制度、加强行业自律和利益协调机制等办法来改进相关主体的博弈行为。     

扬州市生态农业发展评价及预测研究

［目的］农业是国民经济的基础产业，发展生态农业是实现农业经济稳步增长的重要途径，也是我国发展现代农业的战略选择。对生态农业的现状进行评估，以期以此为依据为今后的发展提供可行性建议。［方法］文章研究从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益3个方面构建了包含14个指标在内的扬州市生态农业发展评价指标体系，并采用熵权法和加权法综合评定2011—2016年该市生态农业发展的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益及综合效益得分，在此基础上采用GM（1， 1）灰色模型对2018—2027年扬州市生态农业的发展程度进行了预测。［结果］2011—2016年扬州市生态农业发展的社会效益呈持续增长态势， 2011—2015年经济效益呈上升趋势， 2016年经济效益明显下降。生态效益分别在2012年和2016年出现两次波动。总体来看， 2012—2015年扬州市生态农业发展的综合效益逐年递增， 2016年由于经济效益的急剧降低，导致综合效益下降。2018—2027年该市生态农业的发展水平一直保持可持续状态，且发展度在逐年递增。［结论］扬州市在今后的发展过程中应注重转变生产方式，积极调整农业生产模式，努力实现农产品的集约化生产。注重环境保护，实现化肥农药使用量零增长，达到经济效益与社会效益和生态效益协调增长。     

The organisation of urban agriculture in Cape Town,South Africa: A social capital perspective

This article explores urban agriculture in Cape Town and its organisational forms. Based on a literature review of peer-reviewed articles and grey literature, it examines the state of linkages among urban farmers and various supporting organisations of urban agriculture. Moreover, it examines the coordination of activities among key supporting organisations. By analysing the roles of state and non-state actors and linkages, the article discusses implications for the development of urban agriculture. This article suggests that a lack of effective coordination of initiatives among supporting actors presents a significant pitfall in the development of urban agriculture. Furthermore, the failure of farmers to self-organise is identified as equally detrimental. Therefore, it calls for improved synergies between state and non-state actors involved to ensure that the gains of urban agriculture are enhanced.     

Was the Green Revolution intended to maximise food production?

The evidence on yields, food-production, food-calories per capita, and declining levels of malnutrition in countries experiencing a Green Revolution are commonly cited in support of the claim that the GR sought to maximise food production. If one looks closely at the actual design of GR programmes (in India and elsewhere), however, it is clear that they were instead intended to boost yields and profitability in a small number of targeted areas. The underlying rationale for targeting was that achieving very high yields in such regions would persuade farmers to abandon subsistence farming in favour of commercial production, relying upon the market for the purchase of inputs as well as the sale of produce. In response to widespread criticism of the Green Revolution ca. 1970 for neglecting the needs of peasant farmers (as well as accentuating rural unrest), the World Bank and other donors began to direct more attention and resources to smallholders, but the aim of commercialising farming remained unchanged.